Social Classes Of Mid-Victorian England :: European Europe History

Social Classes Of Mid-Victorian England In the Mid-Victorian period in English history there were distinct class differences in its society. There were three classes in England. These were the Aristocracy, the Middle-Class (or Factory owners) and the working class. Each class had specific characteristics that defined its behavior. These characteristics were best seen in four areas of British society. During the time-period known by most historians as the Industrial Revolution, a great change overtook British culture. Aside from the political and economic change which occurred, a profound social alteration transpired. The populace seeking to better their lives, sought employment in newly-formed industries. Many of the workers which included women and children, labored through 12 hour work shifts, with poor nutrition, poor living conditions and completing tedious tasks1. These factors, accompanied by various ideological precepts by Britain's intellectual community, and those concepts imported from France, provoke a crucial social evolution. Though no government was overthrown, a distinct transformation took place causing rebellious behavior to erupt among the working class. This essay will address the questions of how and why this behavior was expressed by the lower order of British society. It will also discuss methods the ruling class used in suppressing and controlling the rebel lious behavior exhibited by the working class. The middle class held to two basic ideologies that served in the exploitation of the lower order of the British society. Richard Atlick identified them as Utilitarianism (or Benthamism) and Evangelicalism. Both served the self-interested inclinations of the middle class. Utilitarianism created the need to fulfill a principle of pleasure while minimalization pain. In the context of the "industrial revolution" this meant that the pleasure extracted from life would be at the working classes' expense. This provided a perfect justification for the middle class to capitalize on. The working class of Britain, throughout the industrial revolution and through the Victorian age, acted in a defiant manner toward both the aristocracy and middle class. This behavior extended from the everyday activities of the workers to radical anarchist movements that categorized the underground. The middle class seemed to be just as familiar with the inverse of Benthamism as they were with its normal application. The pleasure principle was measured in terms of minimalization of pain. If the sum of pain, in a given situation, is less than the sum of pleasure, than it should be deemed pleasurable. The inverse principle applied to the working class was how pain (work) can be inflicted, with the absolute minimum distribution of pleasure (wages), without creating an uprising.

History of Art – Cubism

Historical Account Cubism is a part of the abstraction period of modern art in the beginning of the twentieth century. There was a series ‘isms' that influenced each other and came quickly in the modern world of art. These include Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Division and Symbolism. It was believed to be started with Picasso and Baroque in 1907. Cubism was a movement of modern artists going against the accepted style of paintings and pushing the boundaries of what was modern art.The Impressionists and Realists of the late 19th century started to paint more everyday items and in a ore spontaneous fashion, in contrast to the classical period which came before. Immediately before cubism were artists like Cezanne and Serrate who were considered to be post impressionists who were converting impressionism into a more classical style. Then Van Gogh wanted to express more emotion in his art than the impressionists had, and his style started to develop including vivid colors and bright landscapes.Art in the modern world moved from telling stories and depicting important historical occasions, to a more personal approach from the artist. The artist wanted to explore their emotions, the everyday and play with form, perspective and composition These colors and need to express emotions led to different movements of expressionism, the Fauves (wild beasts) which had artists including Van Gogh and Gauguin, German expressionism was more extreme, Abstraction came after this and cubism was one of the forms that led heavily from it.During 1908, Baroque and Picasso realized they were working towards the same ideas and decided to work together until 1914. Their principal subject became the still life. They experimented with painting and sculpture to express and challenge the way objects are represented. What you see depicted in a cubist work is not a realistic representation of the object, but a flattening of the planes that make up th e object from different directions in a strong geometric fashion.The artist no longer relied on the renaissance principals of geometric perspectives. The painter was free to explore a different visual reality and to challenge the viewer in what they were seeing in a two dimensional form. By 1909 Picasso began to break individual forms into smaller faceted shapes. For example the head had each feature as its own carefully modeled form. â€Å"The paintings and drawings of 1909 are works which give rise to the word cubism when Picasso was accused of dividing his pictures into ‘little cubes'. In 1910 Picasso made a breakthrough where the figure was seen or represented as transparent planes that locked together which allowed the eye to pass through them to the picture behind so the pictures had a more sculptural element. The movement ended in 1914 as Picasso was a prolific painter and continued to explore other ways of expressing himself. There was a turn towards realism again in 915 to 1920. Critical Account – The Women of Avignon This painting is a particularly important work in the development of cubism and Picasso artistic Journey.The picture is grounded in tradition and yet challenges the viewer with new perspectives and treatment of color and form. Picasso starts with the classical grouping of the three figures on the left. Their placement and gestures and semi nude attire seem to be familiar and are drawn from the images of the late Renaissance of the three graces. Picasso uses this familiarity to lure the viewer in but then starts to play with perspective, proportion ND color to challenge and represent a new way of viewing.Picasso has distorted the figures, using angular planes and we can see the beginnings of the different perspectives represented in the arms and faces of the figures. He uses flesh colored tones for the figures but in a very flat way rather than the traditional gently coupled tones of classical realism that leads to the repre sentation of the three dimensional figure on the two dimensional canvas. The shading and abstract nature of the shapes used meaner that they are very much in the modern world.We can see an example of this shifting of the perspective in the two central figures where the eyes are different sizes, the noses are off-set and the shape of the ears is distorted. As we look at the body of the three figures and the draping, we start to see flat geometric shapes and the beginning of the cubist treatment of the human figure. When we look at the small still life of fruit in a bowl at the bottom of the painting, we see the flattening of perspectives emerging. If this were a real representation of fruit in a bowl they would be effected by gravity.This representation makes the viewer eel anxious, waiting for the fruit to fall. In this way Picasso creates tension and expresses emotion through the distorted perspective. Picasso had a very difficult relationship with women and in the painting he repr esents women very differently between the group of three on the left, and the group of two on the right hand side. The three classical figures are more sympathetic and easy on the eye for the viewer, but there is dark shadows on the figures in the far left that hint at darker emotions.The figures on the right are more fully abstracted and show the influence of African ribald masks and paintings. The colors are not sympathetic, classical nude colors, but instead brighter and harsher reds, blues and greens. These women are confronting and convey a strong emotion for the viewer, but this destruction of form is not accidental but quite methodical. Everything in the picture is broken up into angular wedges and facets. Having said that these shapes are not flat but are shaded in such a way to give some sense of the third dimension. These sharp angles and edges, voids and solids, led to this movement being dubbed as cubism. History of Art – Cubism Is a part of the abstraction period of modern art In the beginning of the twentieth century. There was a series ‘Isms' that Influenced each other and came quickly In the modern world of art. These Include Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Dolmen's and Symbolism. It was believed to be started with Picasso and Braque's in 1907. Cubism was a movement of modern artists going against the accepted style of paintings and pushing the boundaries of what was modern art.The Impressionists ND Realists of the late 19th century started to paint more everyday items and in a more spontaneous fashion, in contrast to the classical period which came before. Immediately before cubism were artists like Cezanne and Serrate who were considered to be post Impressionists who were converting Impressionism into a more classical style. Then Van Gogh wanted to express more emotion in his art than the impressionists had, and his style started to develop Including vivid colors and bright landscapes.Art In the modern world moved from telling stones and depleting important historical occasions, to a more personal approach from the artist. The artist wanted to explore their emotions, the everyday and play with form, perspective and composition These colors and need to express emotions led to different movements of expressionism, the Fauves (wild beasts) which had artists including Van Gogh and Gauguin, German expressionism was more extreme, Abstraction came after this and cubism was one of the forms that led heavily from it.During 1908, Braque's and Picasso realized they were working towards the same Ideas and decided to work together until 1914. Their principal subject became the still life. They experimented with painting and sculpture to express and challenge the way objects are represented. What you see depicted in a cubist work is not a realistic representation of the object, but a flattening of the planes that make up the object from different d irections in a strong geometric fashion.The artist no longer relied on the renaissance principals of geometric perspectives. The painter was free to explore a different visual reality and to challenge the viewer in what they were seeing in a two dimensional form. By 1909 Picasso began to break individual forms into smaller faceted shapes. For example the head had each feature as its own carefully modeled form. â€Å"The paintings and drawings of 1 909 are works which give rise to the word cubism when palaces was accused of dividing his pictures Into ‘little cubes'. In 1910 palaces made a breakthrough where the figure was seen or represented as transparent planes that locked together which allowed the eye to pass through them to the picture behind so The movement ended in 1914 as Picasso was a prolific painter and continued to explore other ways of expressing himself. There was a turn towards realism again in 1915 to 1920. Critical Account – The Women of Avignon This pa inting is a particularly important work in the development of cubism and Picasso artistic Journey.The picture is grounded in tradition and yet challenges the viewer with new perspectives and treatment of color and form. Picasso starts with the classical grouping of the three figures on the left. Their placement and gestures and semi nude attire seem to be familiar and are drawn from the images of the late Renaissance of the three graces. Picasso uses this familiarity to lure the viewer in but then starts to play with perspective, proportion and color to challenge and represent a new way of viewing.Picasso has distorted the figures, using angular planes and we can see the beginnings of the different perspectives represented in the arms and faces of the figures. He uses flesh clouded tones for the figures but in a very flat way rather than the traditional gently suspected tones of classical realism that leads to the representation of the three dimensional figure on the two dimensional canvas. The hading and abstract nature of the shapes used means that they are very much in the modern world.We can see an example of this shifting of the perspective in the two central figures where the eyes are different sizes, the noses are off-set and the shape of the ears is distorted. As we look at the body of the three figures and the draping, we start to see flat geometric shapes and the beginning of the cubist treatment of the human figure. When we look at the small still life of fruit in a bowl at the bottom of the painting, we see the flattening of perspectives emerging. If this were a real representation of fruit n a bowl they would be effected by gravity.This representation makes the viewer feel anxious, waiting for the fruit to fall. In this way Picasso creates tension and expresses emotion through the distorted perspective. Picasso had a very difficult relationship with women and in the painting he represents women very differently between the group of three on the le ft, and the group of two on the right hand side. The three classical figures are more sympathetic and easy on the eye for the viewer, but there is dark shadows on the figures in the far left that hint at darker emotions.The figures on the right are more fully abstracted and show the influence of African tribal masks and paintings. The colors are not sympathetic, classical nude colors, but instead brighter and harsher reds, blues and greens. These women are is not accidental but quite methodical. Everything in the picture is broken up into angular wedges and facets. Having said that these shapes are not flat but are shaded in such a way to give some sense of the third dimension. These sharp angles and edges, voids and solids, led to this movement being dubbed as cubism.

Psychology Theories And Techniques Of Counseling - 1262 Words

â€Å"Oh, so you’re gonna be a counselor then,† is often the question I hear after telling people I am majoring in psychology. This used to bother me. It bothered me because it comes off as people not being aware of all the other career paths a person can pursue with a psychology major. That is, until Theories and Techniques of Counseling†¦ Before I became a psychology major, I was studying social work. Even though I couldn’t seem to find my niche within the major, I was grateful for the introduction to empathy and aspects of counseling. It was like a candle began to catch fire and after reading Martin and Yalom, studying about different therapeutic approaches, listening to guest speakers, and practicing counseling techniques in class, the illumination of therapy began to warm my entire being. Regarding the aspects of the course, there is not one aspect that I did not find meaningful or educational. The texts chosen, â€Å"Love’s Executioner† a nd â€Å"Counseling and Therapy Skills†, showed a spectrum of therapy experience, wide range of methods and theories, and in their own ways, remarkable honesty. Having to write reaction papers for every other chapter was an excellent way to 1) make sure students are keeping up with reading, and 2) delve deeper into the assigned chapters by forcing us to write about similarities or differences between texts, as well as connections to reality. The requirements for the reaction papers, like the length, subject, and questions, were very practicalShow MoreRelatedIn this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities1167 Words   |  5 Pagescommonalities between Larry Crabb’s biblical model of counseling, theories, and techniques of Rodgerian theory called Rodgers’ Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). 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Critically discuss relevant SME and entrepreneurial theory and provide critical thinking regarding marketing practice using examples and supporting evidence. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3181 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Critical essay Did you like this example? Introduction The emergence and growth of small to medium enterprises (SMEs) globally has generated increasing interest into research on how the strategy and tactics of these companies differ from or overlap with general marketing theories, as well as theories designed for multinational corporations (MNCs) (Bridge, ONeill, Cromie, 2003, p. 123). Through definition, SMEs benefit from less financial and human resources than their large corporate competitors, yet some of these companies managed to gain a competitive position in their respective industries (Chaston Mangles, 2002, p. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critically discuss relevant SME and entrepreneurial theory and provide critical thinking regarding marketing practice using examples and supporting evidence." essay for you Create order 67). With less financial resources dedicated to marketing and significantly smaller marketing teams, SMEs revolutionised areas of marketing through the need to find more creative ways to gain a good position in the market (Burns, 2007, p. 259). Whilst marketing in the traditional sense through extensive paid for advertising campaigns and price competitiveness requires extensive funds, SMEs have a need for more cost effective campaigns with tangible results, as their ability to invest in marketing initiatives is significantly lower (Storey Greene, 2010, p. 33). In order to respond to this practical need, an increasing number of scholarly research projects are focusing on tracing the successful strategy of SMEs that thrive in conquering a significant market share (Knight, 2000, p. 13). The impact of the perceived success of small companies has generated a paradigm shift in the entrepreneurial world, hinting at the fact that a well executed vision counts more than a companys cash fl ow. At the same time, the influence of the internet and globalisation has made its impact felt on the ability of SMEs to advance beyond their capability to serve local customers (Dholakia Kshetri, 2004, p. 311). Often opting for the most effective means of marketing, SMEs have indeed become the role models of other companies in their attempt to communicate with and gain the loyalty of customers (Lu Beamish, 2001, p. 567). As such, this essay is analysing the relevance of standard marketing practice to SMEs and also the innovative solutions employed by small or medium businesses and their impact on the academic knowledge regarding marketing. Drawing a parallel between available scholarly knowledge and practice exemplified through the successful marketing initiatives of SMEs, this essay attempts to draw a clear conclusion in regards to the emerging paradigm shift in marketing. Entrepreneurship and organisational structure in SMEs Entrepreneurs usually become owner-managers of SMEs through launching their business idea and gaining the necessary funding for it from grants, loans or self-funded initiatives (Stokes Wilson, 2010, p. 35). Due to the fact that the entrepreneur is in charge of all the decision making of a firm, SMEs are often faced with operational and strategic challenges that their large corporate counterparts do not experience (Stokes, Wilson, Mador, 2010, p. 194). On the other hand, SMEs have the advantage of an organisational structure that presents closer working relationships within the company, which can aid the business to become an industry leader (Chaston, 2000, p. 166). To start with, setting the vision of a company and attempting to inspire all members of a business to share the views of the senior management is a challenging task (Southon West, 2002, p. 94). More often than not, large corporations struggle with the resonance of their vision throughout the entire corporation more th an small businesses, for obvious reasons. The hierarchical management structures often met in MNCs are inexistent in small corporations, where the success of the team is seen as a result of equal effort from all those involved in the business (Adler, 2001, p. 220). As such, the contact between the leaders of the business and the end employees is more common in SMEs (Bolton Thompson, 2000, p. 82). The leaders and employees of a business are the first and sometimes most important brand ambassadors of a company (Morhart, Herzog, Tomczak, 2009, p. 122). The relationships within a company are usually reflected in the behaviour of employees with external stakeholders and a strong corporate reputation usually stems from the cohesion inside a company (Kuhn, 2008, p. 1227). Close contact with all other members involved in the operations of a firm and constant communication leads to a strong vision and innovative ideas, due to constant exchange of information, often in face to face setti ngs (Crotts Turner, 1999, p. 116). On the other hand, the complex and formalised communication matrix that can be identified in large companies may inhibit the exchange of views and ideas and may lead to the loss of meaning of the values and vision of a firm, also inhibiting innovation (Dougherty, 1992, p. 180). Market research capabilities Uncovering the demands and opportunities of the market can be a complex issue, hence why large corporations delegate this task to teams within the research and development (RD) function of the company (Von Zedtwitz Gassmann, 2002, p. 573). The subtleties involved in the market research, including tactics of audience profiling and anticipation of demands require specific skillets (Schindehutte, Morris, Pitt, 2009, p. 93). As already mentioned, SMEs have significantly lower human resources that they can rely on for the purpose of market research and development. As such, they either rely on commonly available market research released by market research companies, due to its accessibility. However, this does not allow SMEs to gather the knowledge necessary to respond to relevant market demand in a quick manner. In addition to this, publicly available information can also be accessed by similar competitors, therefore not offering any of the companies using it the competitiveness of i nnovation (Wong, 2005, p. 270). Traditional market research conducted through expensive face to face, phone or post methods are more accessible to large corporations that can invest the capital in these initiatives. The internet, particularly social media platforms have opened up new methods, which are much cheaper and arguably more effective for conducting market research (Deakins Freel, 2009, p. 143). Granted, large corporations can still use an effective mix of the old and new methods, which would offer them a competitive edge over SMEs, but the depth of the research is only relevant when it can be effectively put into practice (Greenhalgh, Robert, Macfarlane, Bate, Kyriakidou, 2004, p. 603). The ability to analyse data obtained via any market research method and turn this into relevant information for marketing purposes is still closely linked with the talent available within a company, and once again the MNCs have an edge over SMEs. Nonetheless, the flexibility of operatio ns of SMEs is the core advantage of these companies over MNCs, as they can easily modify products and services to suit the needs of their consumer (ORegan, Ghobadian, Gallear, 2006, p. 35). In the toy industry for instance, the product offerings of smaller businesses translates into significantly lower costs incurred by changes, than in the case of large corporations who have are dealing with higher volume of products. Opportunity marketing In terms of market research and responsiveness, one of the advantages of SMEs is the close ties they can develop with local communities, making them stronger as competitors to large corporations in specific regions (Perrini, Russo, Tencati, 2007, p. 290). The debate regarding localisation of international businesses in specific regions is a result of the perceived influential power of SMEs, as the flexibility of smaller businesses to take advantage of the opportunities presented by each specific market is significantly higher. Whilst global businesses rely on the recognition of brand name and reputation, SMEs rely on the convenience they can offer in the market due to proximity of shops or familiarity with the demands of the local customer base (Stokes, 2002, p. 85). In regards to opportunity marketing, SMEs can build a competitive edge for themselves through responding to immediate needs of local consumers due to the flexibility in operations that they benefit from (Rae, 2007, p. 72). As such, distributors of toys in the UK, for instance, can take advantage of important events in the local community better than MNCs, as they will be aware of local community events for children faster than the global brands present in the area. The low capital requirement for market entry in the toy manufacturing industry is an advantage for the entrepreneurial initiatives in the industry (Ecorys Research and Consulting et al., 2013, p. 36). The multitude of options for supply chain management in the UK, through local manufacturing facilities or import of products from overseas is luring for entrepreneurs that can identify a market need in a particular area of the industry or a specific region (Kirby, 2003, p. 269). Although the price competitiveness of large toy chains such as Toys R Us is quite a high threat to the entry of SMEs in this industry, local businesses can take advantage of their knowledge regarding the more subtle needs of the consumers in their attempt to w in over the market share (Michman Mazze, 2001, p. 201). Positioning is paramount for the success of smaller businesses over their multinational competitors, and the ability to take advantage of proximity of schools is an important factor in the success of SMEs (Patten, 2001, p. 14). Whilst MNCs have an intrinsic need to find or build large stores to accommodate their extensive product range, SMEs can take advantage of strategically placed boutique stores in the vicinity of areas where the footfall of customers can make a significant difference to their financial returns. The product offerings of SMEs can be tailored to suit the needs of their local customer base and individuals with significant entrepreneurial talent will identify the gap in the market which is not fulfilled by MNCs (Davenport, 2005, p. 683). Innovation and word of mouth marketing The perceived risks associated with innovation may represent a higher threat for SMEs, due to their investment power, but the focus on niche product offerings could significantly reduce this risk. Therefore, innovation in the context of small business ventures needs to be seen as the ability to respond to the needs of a niche consumer base, usually referring to a local consumer base and their immediate need (Freel, 2000, p. 27). Whilst MNCs in the toy industry have to balance out the needs of a large consumer base with their ability to market new products, due to the need to respond to the desires of all of their customers, niche small businesses can venture into offering tailored products without endangering their strategy and operations (Carson, Cromie, McGowan, Hill, 1995, p. 54). In addition to this, the marketing of large corporations is usually concerned with the ability of their messages to appeal to a large consumer base, whilst smaller businesses can easily tailor thei r marketing tactics to appeal to a specific consumer group (Dalgic Leeuw, 1994, p. 39). Through the ability to take advantage of specific needs and wants of local consumers, SMEs have higher chances of being featured in local press or radio, therefore being able to develop more lucrative public relations initiatives. For example, entrepreneurs in the toy industry can identify important school events that they can sponsor, therefore gaining important exposure for their brand and becoming known to the relevant consumer base. Research of these opportunities is not easily accessible to MNCs, therefore leaving a gap in the market for SMEs to gain popularity over the well established chain stores. These initiatives increase the opportunity for SMEs to take advantage of both opportunity marketing and word of mouth marketing. Children and their parents are the target consumer groups of the companies in the toy manufacturing industry and whilst these groups are sensitive to advertising, there is still significant reliance on impulse buying for these products (Seiter, 1992, p. 240). As a result of this, even though SMEs are less likely to have the funds necessary for investment in standard marketing tactics such as extensive ad campaigns on TV channels, this is not necessarily seen as a barrier in the toy industry. The ability to reach the customer in person and persuade them to make a purchase is still important in the toy industry and SMEs have the added advantage of proximity to the customer and the chance to reach out into the community at key moments, when the need for their products increases (Brown, 1990, p. 180). The importance of CSR Entrepreneurs in the toy industry must realise the primary importance of safety and quality of the products sold (TIE, 2013, p. 2). Increasing concerns of outsourcing of manufacturing and testing to production facilities in developing countries have impacted on the reputation of MNCs. Therefore, the ability to demonstrate a commitment to local or national manufacturing can significantly impact on the perception of customers in regards to the quality of products and the overall image of the small companies (Spence Schmidpeter, 2003, p. 93). This can diminish the impact of pricing tactics used by MNCs, as customers are willing to pay premium prices for products that they perceive as safe and durable for their children (Trudel Cotte, 2009, p. 62). Therefore, instead of seeking to compete with their large corporate opponents from a price perspective, SMEs in the toy industry should focus on quality of products instead and demonstrate that their corporate social responsibility (CSR ) abilities are significantly higher than those of mass manufacturers of toys (Perrini, 2006, p. 307). The profitability of SMEs can therefore be increased by persuading customers to pay premium prices that reflect the added value of locally sourced products and services. In the context of SMEs, effective marketing of products demonstrates that the purchase of a product is part of a cycle that enables the entire economy of a region to prosper (Du, Bhattacharya, Sen, 2010, p. 10). Managing to demonstrate how a customers investment impacts on the employability of the region is paramount in the success of SMEs over MNCs, through effective communication with the consumers that outlines how the profits of a company are invested back into the larger economy of a region. Conclusion Whilst this paper does not ignore the issues faced by SMEs due to the significantly lower financial and human resources available to them, it outlines the strategies and tactics to overcome any of these issues. Through effective marketing tactics that take into account the needs of local customers, as well as the ability to demonstrate how quality and safety is reflected in the premium pricing of toys sold by SMEs in the UK, the smaller entrepreneurial initiatives of individuals can have a significant competitive edge over the MNCs present in the region. Developing lucrative partnerships with local schools and media outlets can impact on the success of SMEs through the ability to create a stronger reputation of the company and meaningful relationships with the targeted consumers. To conclude, whilst there are significant distinctions between SMEs and MNCs, there is not an innate need to reinvent the wheel in terms of marketing, only to tailor the tactics to the abilities and nee ds of a company. Whilst innovation, opportunity, word of mouth and CSR are equally as important to both types of companies, the manner in which the leaders of the companies can take advantage of these marketing drivers is significantly different. The success of SMEs is possible through focusing on smaller scale research of needs and wants of consumers and the ability to develop innovative solutions to respond to these without being hindered by the price competitiveness of MNCs. Bibliography Adler, P. S. (2001). Market, hierarchy, and trust: The knowledge economy and the future of capitalism. Organization Science , 12 (2), 215-234. Bolton, B., Thompson, J. (2000). Entrepreneurs: Talent, Temperament, Technique. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. Bridge, S., ONeill, K., Cromie, S. (2003). Understanding Enterprise, Entrepreneurship and Small Business. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Brown, K. D. (1990). The Childrens Toy Industry in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Business History , 32 (2), 180-197. Burns, P. (2007). Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Carson, D., Cromie, S., McGowan, P., Hill, J. (1995). Marketing and Entrepreneurship in Smes: An Innovative Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Chaston, I. (2000). Entrepreneurial Marketing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Competing by Challenging Convention. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd. Chaston, I., Mangles, T. (2002). Small Business Marketing Management. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Crotts, J. C., Turner, G. B. (1999). Determinants of intra-firm trust in buyer-seller relationships in the international travel trade. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 11 (2/3), 116-123. Dalgic, T., Leeuw, M. (1994). Niche marketing revisited: concept, applications and some European cases. European Journal of Marketing , 28 (4), 39-55. Davenport, S. (2005). Exploring the role of proximity in SME knowledge-acquisition. Research Policy , 34 (5), 683-701. Deakins, D., Freel, M. (2009). Entrepreneurship and Small Firms. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Dholakia, R., Kshetri, N. (2004). Factors impacting the adoption of the internet among SMEs. Small Business Economics , 23 (4), 311-322. Dougherty, D. (1992). Interpretive barriers to successful product innovation in large firms. Organization Science , 3 (2), 179-202. Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. B., Sen, S. (2010). Maximizing business returns to corporate social responsibility (CSR): The role of CSR communication. International Journal of Management Reviews , 12 (1), 8-19. Ecorys Research and Consulting; Idea Consult; Danish Technological Institute; Euromonitor International. (2013). Study on the competitiveness of the toy industry. Rotterdam: ECSIP Consortium. Freel, M. S. (2000). Strategy and structure in innovative manufacturing SMEs: the case of an English region. Small Business Economics , 15 (1), 27-45. Greenhalgh, T., Robert, G., Macfarlane, F., Bate, P., Kyriakidou, O. (2004). Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Quarterly , 82 (4), 581-629. Kirby, D. (2003). Entrepreneurship. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Knight, G. (2000). Entrepreneurship and marketing strategy: The SME under globalization. Journal of International Marketing , 8 (2), 12-32. Kuhn, T. (2008). A communicative theory of the firm: Developing an alternative perspective on intra-organizational power and stakeholder relationships. Organization Studies , 29 (8/9), 1227-1254. Lu, J. W., Beamish, P. W. (2001). The internationalization and performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal , 22 (6/7), 565-586. Michman, R. D., Mazze, E. M. (2001). Specialty Retailers: Marketing Triumphs and Blunders. Westport: Quorum Books. Morhart, F. M., Herzog, W., Tomczak, T. (2009). Brand-specific leadership: turning employees into brand champions. Journal of Marketing , 73 (5), 122-142. ORegan, N., Ghobadian, A., Gallear, D. (2006). 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Gun Control Of The United States Essay - 2057 Words

â€Å"Law-abiding citizens use guns to defend themselves against criminals as many as 2.5 million times every year -- or about 6,850 times a day. [1] This means that each year, firearms are used more than 80 times more often to protect the lives of honest citizens than to take lives. [2]† (Fact Sheet) Some people in the U.S. believe guns are dangerous and no one should have a gun so the solution should be to have a gun ban law be past. But in reality that would not work because without guns in the hands of good people chaos would happen in the U.S. Having gun control laws made from the government, such as taking guns from current owners will not work in reducing crime relating in gun violence because criminals will always have a way to get guns whether it is black markets, across borders or illegal street sale. Guns have been a part of the United States of America since December 15, 1791 and still are to this very day. Owning a firearm in the states is a right that every single citizen is born with and if it’s abused, the right will be taken away from you. The right that states your right of gun ownership is the 2nd amendment that states A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed (Bill of Rights). That bill of right plays the biggest role in allowing people to own their firearms and/or most weapons they want to own and is everyone s right from the time they are legal citizenShow MoreRelatedGun Control Of The United States1698 Words   |  7 Pagesshootings that has happened throughout the Unites States has created a great divide among Americans on what should our nation do to prevent further shootings from happening. Many people believe that forcing new laws on how people purchase w eapons should require background checks. 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Life becomes dangerous and we need to be able to protect your family by yourself, your business, your property. Therefore so many people thinking about to buys guns and to have guns at home. In addition, the gun is freedom. We live in a free country

Vivian Murray Essay Example For Students

Vivian Murray Essay Vivian Murray Chambers was born in Salisbury, North Carolina on June 4, 1903. Mr. Chambers received a Bachelor of Science from Shaw University in 1928, then a Bachelor of Arts from Columbia University, New York in 1931. He later received a Master of Science from Cornell University in 1935 and a Doctor of Science (Ph.D. in Economic Entomology) from Cornell in 1946. Dr. Chambers worked for the WPA (Works Progress Administration) as a Senior Research Worker in the American Museum of Natural History. From 1936-1937, Vivian Chambers was appointed an Instructor of Science at Lincoln Normal School, Alabama. Between 1937 and 1943 Dr. Chambers worked as a Biologist for the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University (Alabama AM). In 1945, Dr. Chambers was appointed Professor of Biology at Alabama AM. In 1970, Professor Chambers was appointed Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences. Vivian Murray Chambers Born: June 4, 1903 Birthplace: Salisbury, North CarolinaDr. Chambers received a Bachelor of Science from Shaw University in 1928, then a Bachelor of Arts from Columbia University, New York in 1931. He later received a Master of Science from Cornell University in 1935 and a Doctor of Science (Ph.D. in Economic Entomology) from Cornell in 1946. An entomologist studies insects. He worked as a Senior Research Worker in the American Museum of Natural History. From 1936-1937,Vivian Chambers was appointed an Instructor of Science at Lincoln Normal School, Alabama. Between 1937 ag nd 1943 Dr. Chambers worked as a biologist for the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University(Alabama AM). In 1945, Dr. Chambers was appointed Professor of Biology at Alabama AM. In 1970, Professor Chambers was appointed Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences.He died in 1984.

Celta Focus on Learner free essay sample

She followed her husband to the UK with her children. Her husband is doing a PhD. at Oxford University and has a couple of years further study before he finishes. xxxxx is currently working at Primark as a shop assistant. She learnt some basic English while at school, however much of this was listening, reading and writing based and the opportunity to speak with fluent English speakers was limited. Her motivation to improve is initially based on her need to communicate better at work and in everyday life activities, such as shopping. She would also like to do some further study in England but realises that her level of English needs to improve before she would be accepted onto a course. She sees the benefits of her improvement and this motivates her to learn more. She is very much a concrete learner. She enjoys the oral interaction and believes this is how she learns most effectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Celta Focus on Learner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She believes her strengths are in reading and listening. She says she understands most things she reads and hears but struggles when trying to express herself orally. She believes her vocabulary could be significantly improved; and from listening to her I believe her pronunciation could also be improved. Part of the reason for this is her lack of social interaction with native English speakers and also her lack of confidence as she believes this is her weakness. However the challenges of a Nepalese person to differentiate some consonant clusters, stress values, vowel sounds and diphthongs alluded to below needs to be taken into consideration. xxxx enjoys the oral interaction exercises most of all. She doesn’t particularly dislike anything in the lessons, referring only to doing nothing while waiting for others to finish an exercise. Analysis To help xxxxx I believe some focus on speaking to give here more practice and improve her confidence would be appropriate. Also some work on pronunciation would be beneficial. xxxxx tends to be monotonic and sometimes mumbles (maybe due to her lack of confidence) so I believe an exercise forcing attention to stress and maybe intonation would be helpful. I noticed in our chat, and also in lessons, that she uses present simple forms when past simple is the correct form. For example she will say we speak about or we talk about rather than we spoke about or we talked about. I will address improving speaking as a skill and incorporate into this the correct use of past simple. I will address pronunciation as a language area. In particular stress. The extract for a NELTA Journal below gives an example of the challenges a Nepalese person encounters when pronouncing English words. Activities Speaking For improvement of speaking I have selected 2 exercises from 700 Class Room Activities Instant Lessons for Busy Teachers by David Seymour and Maria Popova. These are speaking exercises with an emphasis on past simple forms. Sequences p 93 – this is an interactive exercise where the students take it in turns to ask and reply to questions relating to what they have done in the past. This will encourage speaking with a partner and provide for a good feedback section where the students relay what they have found out about their partner’s past activities and give the teacher a good opportunity to also correct grammar and pronunciation. The Last Time p94 – this exercise places students into pairs where they take it in turns to ask each other â€Å"when was the last time they did a particular activity†. This exercise promotes an excellent opportunity for speaking and again the promotion of the correct us of the past simple form. Feedback session would enable the teacher to correct any grammar and pronunciation errors. Pronunciation For improvement of pronunciation I will address stress as the key area. I have selected Pronunciation: Stress from Just Right Upper Intermediate by Jeremy Harmer and Carol Lethaby. Exercises 26 to 30 on p 12. In exercise 26 the students listen to some sentences and circle the words which are stressed. Exercise 27 gives the students an opportunity to then repeat these sentences using the same stresses. There is also opportunity in feedback to move the stress points around and gain input from the students on which other variations could be used and when. Exercise 28 gives the students practice in the use and emphasis of â€Å"so† and â€Å"such† in response to bad news. Drilling them to apply the appropriate stress would be employed. Exercise 29 is a pairs exercise giving the students turns in using appropriate stress in sentences expressing sympathy. This will give the students an opportunity to practice and reinforce what they have learnt in the lesson so far. Feed back to the class enables the teacher to correct and drill where necessary. Exercise 30 is a variation on 29 but where the student has to be more creative and devise their own scenarios. Again the exercise reinforces the lesson learning points.